蜜桃恋人

How to Grow Blueberries: The Complete Guide

Blueberries are one of the easiest fruits to grow.

Photo Credit
Pixabay
Botanical Name
Vaccinium
Plant Type
Fruit
Sun Exposure
Full Sun
Soil pH
Acidic
Bloom Time
Spring
Summer
Flower Color
White
Hardiness Zone
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

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Planting, Growing, Pruning, and Harvesting Blueberries

Catherine Boeckmann

Plump and juicy blueberries are more than just delicious. They鈥檙e high in nutrients, antioxidants, fiber, and vitamins. Fortunately, with very little effort, blueberries are easy to grow鈥攊f you have the right soil conditions. See our Blueberry Growing Guide to learn how to plant, care for, prune, and harvest your blueberry bushes.

Did you know that the modern blueberry is a 20th-century invention? Before the 1900s, the only way to enjoy these North American natives was to find them in the wild. Then, scientists started to unlock the secrets of cultivating blueberries鈥攁nd we鈥檙e glad they did! 

  • A relative of rhododendron and azalea, blueberry bushes are a great fruiting plant; they鈥檙e also an attractive addition to your overall landscape, offering scarlet fall foliage and creamy-white, bell-shaped spring flowers.
  • Plus, blueberries are one of nature鈥檚 superfoods, crammed with essential nutrients, minerals and health-boosting polyphenols.

Types of Blueberries

There are four types of blueberries: highbush, lowbush, hybrid half-high, and rabbiteye.

The most commonly planted blueberry is the highbush. Most blueberry breeding has focused on this species, so there are many varieties that range widely in cold hardiness and fruit season, size, and flavor. (Read more about blueberry varieties below.)

Blueberry bush

Read Next

Planting

When to Plant Blueberry Bushes

  • Blueberries can be planted in spring or also in late fall in all but the coldest regions. In Zones 5 and below, it鈥檚 best to wait until early to mid-spring to plant. 
  • If available, 1- to 3-year-old plants are a good choice. These can be bought in containers or bare-root. In either case, buy from a reputable nursery or website. 

Choosing and Preparing a Planting Site

  • Select a sunny, sheltered spot. While blueberries tolerate shade, better crops are obtained in the sun. At the same time, they should not be exposed to harsh, drying winds.
  • Don鈥檛 plant blueberries too close to trees, as the trees will block out sunlight and suck up any moisture in the soil.
  • If planting multiple bushes, it鈥檚 best to plant them in a group rather than scattered throughout your garden. This will bolster berry production and quality.
  • The blueberry is a shallow-rooted plant. Therefore, it requires soil that holds moisture but also drains well and doesn鈥檛 stay wet. Don鈥檛 plant blueberries in sites with heavy, clayey soils that stay wet.
  • Blueberries thrive in soil that is acidic. The soil pH should ideally be between 4.0 and 5.0; soil that isn鈥檛 acidic enough will stunt growth. Soil can be acidified by mixing a small amount of granulated sulfur into the soil several months before planting. Peat moss and pine bark or needles are also good additions that will help acidify your soil.
  • Mix organic matter into the soil before you set your blueberry bushes. (See more about preparing soil for planting.)

How to Plant Blueberry Bushes

  • Tip: Be careful not to plant them too deeply. The rootball should be just below the surface (one-quarter to one-half inch).
  • Dig holes about 20 inches deep and 18 inches wide (or about twice as wide and twice as deep as the plant鈥檚 roots).
  • Space bushes 4鈥5 feet apart in a row, with at least 8 feet between rows. Prepare a planting mixture of 2 parts loam and one part oak leaf mold, peat moss, aged sawdust, or compost, and place a layer of this mixture in the bottom of the hole.
  • Set the bush in the hole with the rootball just below the surface with its roots spread out. Pack the hole tightly with the soil.
  • Apply fertilizer one month after planting, not at the time of planting. Apply 陆 ounce of a 10-10-10 fertilizer in a band around the plant 6 to 12 inches from the crown.

Can You Grow Blueberries in a Container?

Yes! In fact, blueberries grown in containers are easier to protect from birds and other critters, more disease-resistant, easy to harvest, and easy to move if needed. Plus, if you live in an area without acidic soil, growing blueberries in containers allows you to tailor the soil pH specifically for them.

Here鈥檚 how to do it:

  • Use a large container with drainage holes.
  • Use a potting mix designed for acid-loving plants such as azaleas or rhododendrons, or mix sandy soil with peat moss and compost.
  • Plant the bush in the container and water the bush well.
  • Add mulch on top of the soil to keep in moisture.
  • Place the pot in a sunny spot.
  • Keep soil moist.
  • In northern regions, overwinter the blueberry container in a protected area, cover it with straw, or wrap it in burlap.

Varieties for Containers

  • 鈥楾op Hat鈥: Bred by the Michigan State University for small spaces and containers.
  • 鈥楶ink Lemonade鈥: Pink blueberries contain genetics from rabbiteye blueberries (a standard in the hot South). These pink berries can be planted in nearly every climate.
  • 鈥楶ink Champagne鈥: Another pink variety that is full of antioxidants and sweeter than other blueberries.
'Pink Lemonade' blueberries
鈥楶ink Lemonade鈥 blueberries

Growing

How to Care for Blueberry Bushes

  • Mulch is essential for keeping shallow blueberry root systems moist. After planting, apply a 2鈥攖o 4-inch layer of woodchips, sawdust, or pine needles around the bush, but leave a gap around the trunk to allow for proper airflow.
  • Blueberries need 1 to 2 inches of water per week.
  • Warning: Blueberries are a favorite snack of hungry birds, so it’s recommended that you protect blueberry bushes ahead of time by draping bird netting over your plants.
  • One year after planting, apply 1 ounce of 10-10-10 fertilizer per bush in the spring when they bloom, and increase the rate by 1 ounce each year thereafter to a maximum of 8 ounces for mature bushes. 
  • Do not allow the bush to produce fruit for the first year or two after planting. This will allow the plant to use its energy to become well-established in its new home instead.
  • Pinch back any blossoms developing on newly set plants to allow the energy to go to growth.

How to Prune Blueberry Bushes

  • For the first four years or so after planting, blueberry bushes do not need to be pruned. From then on, pruning is needed to stimulate the growth of the new shoots that will bear fruit the following season.
  • Prune plants in late winter or early spring before new growth begins. 
  • Cut out dead, broken, short, weak, and spindly shoots.
  • On highbush varieties, begin with large cuts, removing wood that is more than six years old, drooping to the ground, or crowding the center of the bush. Also, remove low-growing branches whose fruit will touch the ground, as well as spindly twigs.
  • Prune lowbush blueberries by cutting all stems to ground level. Pruned plants will not bear the season following pruning, so prune a different half of a blueberry patch every two years (or a different third of a patch every three years).

Video: How to Grow and Prune Blueberry Bushes

Types

Blueberries are partially self-fertile, so you will harvest more and larger berries by planting two or more varieties together. Planting more than one variety can also extend the harvest season.

Highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum): A six-foot shrub hardy from Zone 4 to Zone 7.

  • For withstanding cold winters, choose 鈥楤luecrop,鈥 鈥楤lueray,鈥 鈥楬erbert,鈥 鈥楯ersey,鈥 or 鈥楳eader.鈥
  • For big berries, choose 鈥楤erkeley,鈥 鈥楤luecrop,鈥 鈥楤lueray,鈥 鈥楥oville,鈥 鈥楧arrow,鈥 or 鈥楬erbert.鈥
  • For flavor, usually, the main reason for growing your own fruit, choose 鈥楤lueray,鈥 鈥楧arrow,鈥 鈥楬erbert,鈥 鈥業vanhoe,鈥 鈥楶ioneer,鈥 鈥楽tanley,鈥 or 鈥榃areham.鈥
  • For something different, try 鈥楶ink Lemonade,鈥 which produces bright pink blueberries!

Lowbush (Vaccinium angustifolium): For the coldest climates, lowbush varieties are your best bet, hardy from Zone 3 to Zone 7.

  • These are the blueberries you find in cans on supermarket shelves. When fresh, the fruits are sweet and covered with a waxy bloom so thick that the berries appear sky blue or gray.
  • The creeping plants, a foot or so high, are spread by underground stems, or rhizomes. They blanket the rocky upland soils of the Northeast and adjacent portions of Canada. Lowbush blueberries make a nice ornamental fruiting ground cover.
  • Plants sold by nurseries are usually seedlings or unnamed wild plants rather than named varieties.

Half-High: Breeders have combined qualities of highbush and lowbush blueberries into hybrids known as half-high blueberries.

  • The University of Minnesota introductions include 鈥楴orthcountry,鈥 a variety that grows 18 to 24 inches high and has excellent, mild-flavored, slightly aromatic sky-blue fruits; and 鈥楴orthblue鈥, which grows 20 to 30 inches high and produces an abundance of dark-blue, nickel-size, somewhat tart fruits-just right for pies.
  • 鈥楴orthland鈥 is a half-high that grows 3 to 4 feet tall. From Michigan, it has relatively bland, average-quality fruit.

Blueberries for Southern Gardens (Zones 7鈥9):

  • Rabbiteye (Vaccinium virgatum): Grown in the southeastern United States, rabbiteye varieties are extremely adaptable, productive, and pest-tolerant. They do, however, have a high degree of self-incompatibility and require two or more varieties to be planted together to ensure pollination. Recommended varieties include 鈥楶owderblue,鈥 鈥榃oodard,鈥 and 鈥楤rightwell.鈥
  • Southern Highbush (hybrids of V. virgatum, V. corymbosum, or V. darrowii): Southern highbush varieties tend to be pickier and harder to grow than rabbiteyes, but there are a few high-quality varieties that do well. Among these are 鈥楨merald,鈥 鈥榃indsor,鈥 and 鈥楽pringhigh.鈥
  • Read more about blueberries for southern gardens from the University of Florida: .

Harvesting

How to Harvest Blueberries

  • Blueberries are typically ready for picking between June and August.
  • Don鈥檛 rush to pick the berries as soon as they turn blue. Wait a couple days. When they are ready, they should fall off right into your hand.
  • If you plant 2-year-old blueberry bushes, they should start to bear within a year or two. (Pick off any flowers that form the first year or two after planting to allow the bush to become established.) Be aware that full production is only reached after about 6 years (depending on variety).

How to Store Blueberries

  • Blueberries are one of the easiest fruits to freeze. Learn how to freeze blueberries so you can have them all winter long.

Blueberries

Gardening Products

Wit and Wisdom

  • In Ireland, baskets of blueberries are still offered to a sweetheart to commemorate of the original fertility festival of Lammas Day, celebrated on August 1.
  • Blueberries are one of the few naturally blue foods on earth.
  • For centuries, Native Americans gathered 鈥渟tar berries鈥 (the blossom end of each berry forms the shape of a perfect five-pointed star) from forests and fields and ate them fresh or dried them for later use.
    • Dried blueberries were added to stews, soups, and meats.  
    • Dried berries were also crushed into a powder and rubbed into meat for flavor.
    • Blueberry juice was used to cure coughs.
    • Blueberry juice was also used as a purple dye for cloth and baskets.
    • A tea made from the leaves of the blueberry plant was believed to be good for the blood.
  • Tired of blueberries? Try growing another berry in your garden, such as strawberries, raspberries, or blackberries!

Pests/Diseases

Recipes

Lemon Blueberry Muffins
Blueberry Jelly Roll
Blueberry Crumble
Blueberry Jam
Cr茅me Fra卯che-Blueberry Ice Cream
Fruit
About The Author

Catherine Boeckmann

Catherine Boeckmann loves nature, stargazing, and gardening so it鈥檚 not surprising that she and The Old Farmer鈥檚 蜜桃恋人 found each other. She leads digital content for the 蜜桃恋人 website, and is also a certified master gardener in the state of Indiana. Read More from Catherine Boeckmann
 

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Comments

Lyn (not verified)

8 years 5 months ago

My blueberry bushes have developed black dots on the leaves. What is this and what do I do about it?

It sounds like they might have Septoria leaf spot disease. Try to keep the foliage as dry as possible (avoid overhead watering) to limit the spread of spores; also remove the most disease-riddled leaves as well as any that have dropped into the soil. This is a difficult disease to manage once spores are in the soil. If the plants continue to succumb, consider replacing them next year with disease-resistant varieties (start with clean soil, i.e. remove what is there and replace with compost-rich, amended soil).

Julie (not verified)

8 years 5 months ago

I live in northern Califirnia and I have 2 blueberry bushes that are doing pretty well except one has very sour fruit. I have waited until the berries are dark blue but still are bitter. Do you have any suggestions as to why one bush has very tasty berries and the other does not..

Richard (not verified)

8 years 3 months ago

Just a hint, add hard wood ash about 2 in deep in a circle about 4 in from bush. Water lightly. do this early June and you harvest in Aug will be so sweet your mouth will hurt lol.

Are the two bushes the same variety? If not, it could be that the other variety has a different, more sour, taste. Flavor will vary between varieties. If your bushes are the same type, was the bitter plant producing an unusually abundant crop of berries? If so, those berries can be bitter. When your bush overproduces, you’ll want to be sure to thin the fruit so that the plant can focus on growing fewer berries, and that can help the sweetness. Perhaps another possibility is that the plant is under stress—mechanical injury, disease, environmental, pests, etc. — check to see if the plant looks healthy overall, including the base of the trunk (to check for any damage to bark by weed trimmers, etc).

Phyliss (not verified)

8 years 5 months ago

I have two blueberry bushes in large pots, Climax variety, I believe. I don't seem to have any growing problems, but I wonder why my berries have so many seeds. Is it the variety or is there something I can do?

All blueberry species have about 20 small seeds, but your blueberry variety’s seeds are more noticeable. The climax variety is a type of rabbiteye blueberry, and rabbiteye blueberries tend to have more noticeable seeds. You could try a non-rabbiteye variety if you would like the seeds to be less noticeable.

Verceles Laron (not verified)

8 years 6 months ago

I have a few blueberry bushes. I notice their leaves are more yellow than green and they do not look healthy to me. What should I do? I would really appreciate some advice.

Kind regards,
Verceles Laron

It sounds like the plant is struggling in soil that is not the proper pH. Yellow leaves on blueberry plants are a sign of iron deficiency. Have your soil tested before doing anything hasty. Soil kits are available at garden and nursery stores. Or contact your local cooperative extension (usually at a public/state university).

 

Julian (not verified)

8 years 6 months ago

useful website